From the perspective of UN peacekeeping operations, was the Essay

From the perspective of UN peacekeeping operations, was the humanitarian intervention in Libya justified - Essay Example Considering both the views listed above and the situation that existed in Libya during the unrest, an important question arises: was humanitarian intervention justified? By considering the systematic violation of human rights by the regime, the aggravating refugee situation and the rampant anarchy, do the UN protocols really reflect changes in international politics? In addition to this, does it justify the need for humanitarian intervention in such a way that the needs of the country are met without negative impacts such as exploitation? Did the situation in Libya really necessitate UN humanitarian intervention? And do the rules and regulations laid down by the UN justify military intervention in Libya under international law? As a result of these questions, the underlying factor that stands is whether there is need to justify the UN Humanitarian Intervention in Libya. In this paper, I shall review the problem statement in order to understand the background of the situation. Review of the various literatures concerning humanitarian intervention with a focus on the United Nation shall then be carried out. I shall then develop a testable hypothesis which will then be tested to show a causal-effect relationship. Problem Statement This research seeks to find out whether UN peace keeping protocols are in compliance with international law on matters regarding military intervention with a focus on the Libyan civil unrest. The research intends to justify the military operation carried out in Libya based on the provisions of the United Nations Security Council charter as well as international law. On February 2011, protests began in Libya to oust the government of Muammar Gaddafi. The protests were part of a bigger revolution that was taking place in most of the Islamic nations at the time including Tunisia, Egypt and Syria (Pargeter, 2012). Gaddafi unleashed his military force on his quest to crush the rebellion. After this, the rebellion spread rapidly throughout Lib ya and soon Gadhafi lost hold over most of the eastern part of his country. On 26th February 2011, the United Nations Security Council adopted the resolution 1970 calling upon member states to: ensure that no arms exchange took place across their borders to Libya, freeze assets owned by Gaddafi and those in his government allied to him, and to facilitate humanitarian aid in Libya (Cheslow 2012). The resolution however did not ratify the use of military force in Libya. Due to increasing fighting and an increase in oppression of Libyans by Gadhafi’s loyalist, a multistate coalition began military operations on 19th march 2011 (Noueihed 2012). Air strikes against army tanks and bases were carried out thereby frustrating the efforts of Gaddafi’s forces to bring the country to heel. International law generally proscribes that nations should apply the doctrine of non-intervention when dealing with intervention of parties within the territory of a sovereign nation. Von Hippel (1995) defines intervention as the use of coercive tactics to direct a given nation to take a particular course that it would not have likely taken and may involve military action by a foreign power in a domestic conflict. Intervention may take other forms than military

Strategic Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Human Resource Management - Essay Example Horizontal fit refers to the congruence among various HRM practices (Baird & Meshoulam, 1998), and vertical fit refers to the alignment of HRM practice with strategic management process of the firm (Schuler & Jackson, 1987)†. Several approaches have been developed to strategic international human resource management and each of these has their own advantages and disadvantages. The following section will detail the various approaches and aims to compare and contrast these approaches. Approaches to Strategic International Human Resource Management: There are four main approaches to strategic international human resource management. These include: a) Strategy Focused Approach: Some authors are of the view that human resource management and strategic HRM are the same. Authors believe that the nature of HRM is strategic (Dowling, Festing, & Engle, 2007). However this view has not been clearly accepted by a number of authors and it is believed that strategic human resources and HRM a lthough might be similar in a few aspects are not the same. This approach focuses on the strategy based view. b) Decision Focused Approach: Authors like Tichy et al express that there are three main levels of management. These they explain include, the long term, i.e. strategic, medium term, i.e. managerial and the short term, i.e. operational (Dowling, Festing, & Engle, 2007). Authors believe that the functions of human resources that are completed at strategic level together form strategic international human resource management. However there have been arguments that the managerial or also the operational level of human resource functions are more so the... This paper stresses that several approaches have been developed to strategic international human resource management and each of these has their own advantages and disadvantages. The following section will detail the various approaches and aims to compare and contrast these approaches. This report makes a conclusion that some approaches clearly include different views of the organization and also take into account different aspects of the organization which help give rise to the strategic human resource planning. Here it is important to note that although most of these are interlinked the main difference among them is the nature of the approach. Each approach takes into account various elements of business and on how the strategic international human resource management is developed within the organization. The author talks that it is also important to note here that these approaches are based on six main elements which include, a) The transformation of the human resource staff and structure, b) improving the overall administrative efficiency, c) creating a sync between human resource and strategic planning process of the organization, d) creating a fit between the human resources practices and the business strategy itself, e) taking into account the impact of the human resources on the business and also f) development of relationship with the line management. These elements clearly indicate all the areas that together help in the development of Strategic International Human Resource Management. Although all the approaches might be different and might undertake different areas to develop the human resource management, the main crux of all the approaches is clearly the above mentioned six elements.

Jean Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development

Jean Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget, best known for his work in developmental psychology, was born in Neuchà ¢tel, Switzerland, on August 9, 1896. As a child, Piaget found his mother to be neurotic which led him to an interest in psychology. As the oldest child, Piaget was very independent and at the age of ten he published his first scientific paper on the albino sparrow allegedly to convince the librarian he was not a child. In Piagets adolescence his mother urged him to study religion which he found to be childish. Instead, he decided to devote his time to discovering the biological explanation of knowledgethrough the study of philosophy and the application of logic. This failed Piaget in his quest for answers, and he turned his focus to psychology. In 1918, Piaget graduated with his Doctorate in Science from the University of Neuchà ¢tel. While teaching at the Sorbonne in Paris, he met Alfred Binet and began working with him evaluating childrens intelligence tests. Piaget was not concerned with the ri ght or wrong answers of the child, but was instead fascinated that certain errors occurred at predictable ages and began focusing on how children reasoned. In 1923, he married Valentine Chà ¢tenay and had three children with her. Piagets children immediately became the focus of intense observation and research and resulted in three more books (http://www.nndb.com/people/359/000094077/, 2010). Jean Piaget designed a model explaining how humans make sense of the world around them through collecting and organizing information from experiences with people, objects, and ideas. This was called the Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget identified four factors; maturation, action on your environment, learning from others or social transmission, and searching for a balance or equilibrium that influence the way thinking and knowledge are developed. He also theorized that all species inherit the tendencies to organize thoughts and behaviors while adapting to his/her environment. Organization of thoughts and actions that allow a person to mentally think about events or objects are called schemes. Adaption of knowledge and thinking processes involves assimilation or incorporating new information into existing schemes, as well as changing existing schemes to respond to a new situation or accommodating. Piaget also believed that as young people develop they pass through four stages. T he first stage of cognitive development, which occurs between the ages of birth to two years, is called the Sensorimotor stage. In this stage, the child uses his/her five senses and motor abilities to comprehend the world around them. The child also distinguishes his/her self from objects and begins to act intentionally towards a goal. Object permanence is also achieved at this stage. The second stage is called the Preoperational stage and occurs between the ages of two to seven years. In this stage, the child begins to develop the ability to form and use symbols as well as think operations through logically in one direction. Egocentrism also dominates the childs thinking and language during this time. The third stage of cognitive development is between the ages of seven to eleven years is called the Concrete-Operational stage. The characteristics of this stage are the ability to solve concrete tangible problems logically, the ability to demonstrate conservation, the mastery of grou ping objects into categories based on characteristics, reversible thinking, and sequentially arranging objects according to weight, size and volume. The final stage of cognitive development, called Formal Operations, occurs from eleven years through adulthood. In this final stage, the adolescent becomes extremely focused on analyzing their own attitudes and beliefs while not denying that others may have different perceptions. The ability of an adolescent to think hypothetically, considering all possible combinations and choices, while reasoning deductively are other characteristics of this stage as well (Woolfolk, 2008). In Piagets Four Stages of Cognitive Development, the Preoperational stage would be the most noteworthy to me since this is the age range I will be teaching in elementary school. It is necessary to teach children in an active discovery learning environment, encouraging them to question, explore, manipulate, and search out answers on their own. This theory teaches me that as an educator, I must also be an observer in my classroom. I must carefully assess my students current stage of development, cognitive level, as well as strength and weaknesses, while tailoring a set of tasks and curriculum that is specific to each childs needs. Piagets theory is also beneficial to me because it teaches me that I will need to focus on the learning process of my students, rather than the end product. This theory also tells me that intelligence grows through assimilation and accommodation; therefore, I must provide many opportunities for my student to experience both. This theory can help me better understand my kindergarten students because I will be knowledgeable to their skill acquisition at certain ages. It will also guide my teaching strategies as well as help me design lesson plans and activities based on my preoperational students ability levels, while not causing frustration. According to Piaget, the characteristic of egocentrism is often seen in preoperational children. To combat this, I would provide my students with opportunities to work in groups, so they can learn from each other, participate, and be productive at their own pace. A basic understanding of Piagets theory could tremendously benefit parents, by knowing when to introduce new skills to his/her child in order to maximize understanding and success. I would recommend that parents observe his/her child, to make sure that what they are teaching is appropriate for their childs present stage of learning. Avoid stressing standardized learning such as committing rules and facts to memory and instead choosing constructive hands-on experimentation. I would also advise parents to allow active learning through game playing, exploring, and drawing. When giving directions to their child, I would suggest keeping things short and simple. To help a child getting ready for school in the morning, I would recommend having a clock with hands in his/her room. The child does not have a sense of time at this age. The parent should tell the child that when this hand points to this number, have your clothes on and be ready. I would also suggest for parents to talk to his/her child about their experiences and constantly engage them with questions about what they are seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, or tasting. As a teacher with students in the preoperational stage, I must remember that my students may or may not reach each of Piagets stages at the predetermined age assigned since each child develops individually. It is essential to provide students with as many opportunities as possible to experience new things. This will help them continuously build on his/her foundation of language and learning. Learning at the preoperational stage, takes place by the student constructing new schemas through knowledge discovered in hands-on learning. Lesson plans should include hands-on activities, field trips, and learning games with props or visual aids. Hands-on environments should be set up in your classroom with different stations to learn math, science, social studies, etc. To teach math, I would use colored chips or even pennies for counting, adding and subtracting. To teach science, I could use a magnifying glass to see how objects such as pictures of snowflakes are the same or different from eac h other. When taking field trips to places such as science museums or the zoo, I would constantly ask questions about what my students are experiencing. To assess the skills that my students are acquiring, I could use portfolios, group presentations, and demonstrations that would let my students explain his/her learning process to me. REFERENCES: NNDB: Tracking the entire world. (2010, February 9). Retrieved February 10, 2010, from http://www.nndb.com/people/359/000094077/. Woolfolk, A. (2008) Educational psychology: Active learning edition. Personal, moral, and social development (pp. 36-45).

How Controlled Burns Improve Forestry Essay -- Nature Environmental Wi

Thousands upon thousands of acres are lost in forest fires every year. We always hear about the dramatic losses caused by forest fires and are often concerned by them. There are so many horrible effects from fires and most of them affect so many people. Studies have shown that out of all of the different methods to decrease fire damage, prescribed burns are the most affective. Many people would argue that they are not as affective because they cause so many health problems. Although that is a very important view and may seem valid, those health issues are not as extreme as one might think. People should look at the majority of the benefits form prescribed burns and they will see how affective and important they are. Prevention is the key to society these days and is definitely an important factor in saving lives. If more lives can be saved as well as land and wildlife, prescribed burns may be the better way to go about forest fires. Although, prescribed burns are better for the environment in order to prevent drastic forest fires, severe damage to timber and extreme death of wildlife; some people feel it affects the health of a firefighter too much and it causes too many long term effects. It is so sad to see the horror of forest fires and how they corrupt our beautiful land. So much damage comes out of what started so small. At least 603 square miles of land were burned in the early stages of the Arizona fire only a couple of years ago (BBC 2). In a Colorado fire 2.3 million acres had been burned (BBC 3). That land could have been saved if the use of prescribed burns had been in the area. Mr. McGann from the forestry service told reporters that pine forests had become choked with underbr... ...News. â€Å"Arizona blazes become sea of fire.† BBC. 24, October 2012: Grelen, Harold E. May Burns Stimulate Growth of Longleaf Pine Seedlings. New Orleans: Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1978. Mitchell, Robert. Summary Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Rio Grande National Forest: Forest Service, 2009. Ower, Carolyn Louise. Changes in ponderosa pine seedling growth and soil nitrogen following prescribed burning and manual removal of the forest floor. Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University, 2005. Tobin, Mitch. â€Å"Wildlife refuge controlled burn opens smoothly.† Arizona Daily Star. 24, October 2011: Webb, James B. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Rio Grande National Forest: Forest Service, 2009. How Controlled Burns Improve Forestry Essay -- Nature Environmental Wi Thousands upon thousands of acres are lost in forest fires every year. We always hear about the dramatic losses caused by forest fires and are often concerned by them. There are so many horrible effects from fires and most of them affect so many people. Studies have shown that out of all of the different methods to decrease fire damage, prescribed burns are the most affective. Many people would argue that they are not as affective because they cause so many health problems. Although that is a very important view and may seem valid, those health issues are not as extreme as one might think. People should look at the majority of the benefits form prescribed burns and they will see how affective and important they are. Prevention is the key to society these days and is definitely an important factor in saving lives. If more lives can be saved as well as land and wildlife, prescribed burns may be the better way to go about forest fires. Although, prescribed burns are better for the environment in order to prevent drastic forest fires, severe damage to timber and extreme death of wildlife; some people feel it affects the health of a firefighter too much and it causes too many long term effects. It is so sad to see the horror of forest fires and how they corrupt our beautiful land. So much damage comes out of what started so small. At least 603 square miles of land were burned in the early stages of the Arizona fire only a couple of years ago (BBC 2). In a Colorado fire 2.3 million acres had been burned (BBC 3). That land could have been saved if the use of prescribed burns had been in the area. Mr. McGann from the forestry service told reporters that pine forests had become choked with underbr... ...News. â€Å"Arizona blazes become sea of fire.† BBC. 24, October 2012: Grelen, Harold E. May Burns Stimulate Growth of Longleaf Pine Seedlings. New Orleans: Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1978. Mitchell, Robert. Summary Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Rio Grande National Forest: Forest Service, 2009. Ower, Carolyn Louise. Changes in ponderosa pine seedling growth and soil nitrogen following prescribed burning and manual removal of the forest floor. Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University, 2005. Tobin, Mitch. â€Å"Wildlife refuge controlled burn opens smoothly.† Arizona Daily Star. 24, October 2011: Webb, James B. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Rio Grande National Forest: Forest Service, 2009.

4p’s on Marketing

The Marketing Mix Strategies 1. Product Nokia's main product is mobile phone and it has a wide range of product portfolio including over a hundred devices. Nokia has produced the first mobile phone with the antenna inside, the first built-in camera, the first changeable faceplate or short-message chat function and so on. Nokia offers various mobile phones with varied quality, shape, size and color. Product segmentation is very significant factor in the mobile device market to reach all consumers. Nokia cell phones can be divided into three categories which is business line, the multimedia line and the connect line.The business line refers to the mobile phones that have priority functions such as connectivity (Bluetooth, WAP, internet connection), time management applications such as a calendar. The multimedia line is targeted the young users with N-series mobile phones that enable users to watch video and TV, play games, listen to music and the other features such as navigation, larg e capacity hardware. The connect line category's users consist students who do not have disposable income or do not want to pay a lot of money for a mobile phone.These devices are still stylish and equipped some technological features such as internet, camera and mp3 player. The market researches of Nokia shows that the consumers make decisions in accordance with their own preferences, the product brand and the ability of the economy when supplied with the mobile phone products with the same quality. Thus, researchers in Nokia analyze the different personalities, divide consumer groups and decide what kind of mobile should be supplied to a particular consumer community. This process is products positioning.Designing professional mobile phones with suitable size that fits the requirement of the user and high technology-enablement is what defines the Nokia brand. Consumers view a brand as an important part of a product, and branding can add value to a product. Nokia keeps being good a t molding the good brand image by injecting individuality into product design. For example, Nokia designers believe that the screen of a phone is the â€Å"eye into the soul of the product†. In marketing mobile phones specifically, each mobile phone has a product lifecycle.Nokia could extend the product’s life to 2 years. Successful products progress through four basic stages: introduction, growth, maturity and decline. This progression is known as the Product Life Cycle. The introduction stage is concept of phone, growth stage is Nokia E-Series phone, maturity stage is Nokia N-Series phones, and decline stage is Nokia 3110. 2. Price Nokia understand that most of the consumer demand for portable multifunction device, so the budget of the target consumer for specific model is considered.Nokia price the products by comparing to other products with similar function in the market. Nokia Corporation, which targets all customer segments, has a wide range of price variations from the lower price group to the higher price group depending on customer's positions and needs. In the mobile phone market, the factors affecting Nokia's device prices are the cost of products, customer demand and competition. Nokia initially sells products at a higher price to gain profit. It is to reimburse the cost of investment and cost of research and development.After a period of time, the company reduces the high price for beginning depending on their competitor prices and they make less profit. However, there is still a large profit because of increasing amount of sales. Because of Nokia is establishing as branded so it has the power to sell products at the price they want or even lower price when compete with other company. This successful price strategy enables Nokia to gain competitive advantage in the market. The major method for Nokia to pricing decision is the Brand Life Cycle Model. This model is to set different prices based on different life cycle of product.Nokia set a high price for new products, medium price for second line products and low price for third line products. Nokia pricing on the basis of sufficient market research on consumer number mature an advance technology that a product has, it will successful once the consumers love and purchase the products. For example, Nokia 88 series and Nokia 89 series, consumers who have strong purchase abilities treat the mobile phone as a symbol of status. So this kind mobile phone has a high price and long life cycle and will seldom reduce prices because they will not change their obile phone too frequently 3. Place Nokia Company, which doesn't contact directly with consumers, uses some distributing channels to reach the customers and sells their devices through the mobile service operators such as Vodafone, T-mobile; independent mobile phone retailers such as Carphone Warehouse, The Link; some electrical suppliers like a Dixon and finally the Company's web site. This selling policy carried ou t in the all countries in which Nokia has got the market provides to reach all consumers. Company has made ease of ordering Nokia handsets all over the country.There are around 1, 00,000 distributors of Nokia handsets across the country. Launch of â€Å"Nokia Concept Stores† which makes consumer feels that he or she is standing in the middle of the cellular tech-hub. Initially, the distribution strategy was focused on urban population negating growing demand in rural areas. In order to become competitive, Nokia reformulated its distribution strategy with more focus in the rural areas which were previously served by local competitors. The new efforts made in revamping distribution strategy helped boost sales and increased market share as well.Nokia choose its local business agent based on 5C principle. Nokia will decide whom to choose according to their capital, credibility, channel, cooperation and management. Meanwhile, pay attention to the network marketing and try to take intensive marketing strategy in all domains. For example, Nokia chose new channel pattern called FD, which has ability to change the provincial agent into funds platform. This saves a lot of intermediate links. Through this method, most of Nokia monopoly stores can acquire the ability of direct supply which ensure its good post-sale service. . Promotion Promotion was done by Nokia to increase sales and their publicity. For instance, Nokia offered precious gifts such as get a chance to win Yamaha bikes and Toyota Vios. This is to attract consumers to purchase Nokia mobile phone. During festival such as Chinese New Year, Deepavali, Hari Raya, Nokia will always hold a promotions. In advertising part, there are printed advertisements used by the company to promote their products. There are newspaper, magazines, brochures, TV, radio, website banners, billboards and others.In the advertisement, the Company always emphasizes their well-known slogan â€Å"connecting people† to build relationships, to bring people together, to collaborate and communicate. Nokia invites famous actors to become spoke persons of the products. This will attract more buyers because many people will support their idol. Retailers and mobile phone operators generally carried out sales promotion for Nokia’s devices. Nokia promotes the product to retailers such as Carphone Warehouse, then they promote to consumers.Sometimes they can be joint promotions with a bank or credit card company. Moreover, the mobile phone operators offer campaigns including mobile phone and phone line are the most popular way of promotions. Public relations also play an important role in the Nokia's promotion strategies. The company supports financially some social programs such as educational activities, charities and accept being sponsorship for sports, music and television. Nokia has education, creative arts and civic engagement programs in 57 countries.These kind of social relations make Nokia more att ractive in the mind of consumers to ensure positive opinions about the company. Social media is the fastest, easiest and most cost effective ways of publishing news for a global audience in highly visible way. Nokia have creates and use Facebook Fan Page, Youtube videos to pass the messages to a wider audience. For instance, Nokia N9 is one of the products that have been promoted. It shows functions and strength of Nokia N9 with innovative way and with a suitable music to draw attention of potential buyers.

Psychological Barriers in Communication Essay

A barrier is anything that prevents something from getting through to its destination or receiver as intended. In communication, a barrier will prevent a message from traveling in a manner that gives it proper meaning. Although invisible, psychological barriers can be just as impenetrable as more obvious barriers, such as language differences, unless you become aware of them. Ads by Google Vacancies Australia 5 urgent positions left. Apply now! Vacancies Australia jobrapido.com​/​vacancies+australia Fields of Experience Intentional or not, we create barriers with our past experiences. For example, many people were raised on the value systems of their parents, but as adults, they realized their parents perpetuated stereotypes. Shedding those values from your upbringing can be difficult, even if you try, and can come across in your communication. This is true for the listener as well — she can be so focused on the prejudice she has for the speaker that it’s difficult to give full attention to the intended message. Filtering If you are having a bad day, or just experienced some emotional trauma such as the illness or death of a loved one, you will find it very difficult to either speak or listen in a manner conducive to understanding the intended messages. This is known as filtering; you are so consumed by your own needs that your emotional state is guiding